1800s Wigs: The History, Styles, and Impact of a Fashion Icon

Introduction

The 18th century witnessed the rise of elaborate and grandiose wigs, becoming an integral part of fashion and social status. These wigs, often towering over the wearer's head, played a significant role in shaping the aesthetics, customs, and social hierarchy of the time.

Historical Context

The origins of 18th century wigs can be traced back to the reign of King Louis XIV of France in the 17th century. The king, known for his intricate fashion, popularized the wearing of full-bottomed wigs, which concealed thinning hair and conveyed an air of authority.

Styles and Variations

18th century wigs came in a wide array of styles, each catering to different ranks and occasions.

• Full-bottomed Wigs: These opulent wigs, reserved for formal events, featured multiple tiers of curls that cascaded down the wearer's back. They could reach heights of up to 3 feet and were often adorned with ribbons, lace, and even diamonds.
• Bag Wigs: These less extravagant wigs were commonly worn by younger men and lower-ranking officials. They had a single tier of curls that were tied back in a bag at the nape of the neck.
• Tye Wigs: These practical wigs were designed for everyday use and featured shorter curls that were tied together at the top. They were often more compact and less ornate than other styles.
• Periwig: These women's wigs were characterized by a large mass of curls at the top and a long, flowing tail at the back. They could be highly decorated with beads, feathers, and other embellishments.

Social Significance

18th century wigs were not merely fashion accessories; they held deep social significance.

• Rank and Status: The size and complexity of a wig directly corresponded to the wearer's social status. Aristocrats and wealthy individuals wore the most elaborate wigs, while commoners and laborers wore simpler styles.
• Gender Roles: Wigs reinforced gender distinctions. Men wore tall, elaborate wigs, while women wore more modest wigs that concealed their hair.

Materials and Construction

18th century wigs were primarily made from human hair, with some wigs using animal hair or synthetic materials. The hair was typically curled and arranged on a wire or wooden frame. The process of creating a wig was time-consuming and required skilled artisans.

Impact on Society

The popularity of 18th century wigs had a profound impact on society.

• Economics: The wig-making industry flourished, with thousands of people employed in the production and maintenance of wigs.
• Hygiene: Wigs were often infested with lice and other parasites, leading to poor hygiene and skin conditions.
• Fashion: The extravagant wigs influenced other aspects of fashion, such as the development of high collars and powdered faces.
• Culture: Wigs played a role in theater, literature, and art, becoming symbols of the era and its values.

Decline of 18th Century Wigs

The end of the 18th century marked a decline in the popularity of wigs. The French Revolution, with its emphasis on egalitarianism and naturalism, led to the abandonment of elaborate headdresses. By the early 19th century, wigs had become a thing of the past, replaced by more natural hairstyles.

Lessons Learned from 18th Century Wigs

The rise and fall of 18th century wigs offers valuable lessons for contemporary society.

• Importance of Context: Fashion and style are influenced by historical, social, and cultural factors.
• Power of Symbolism: Clothing and accessories can convey status, role, and values.
• Durability of Trends: Even the most popular trends eventually fade, reflecting the constantly evolving nature of fashion and culture.

Tables

| Table 1: Average Cost of 18th Century Wigs |
|---|---|
| Full-bottomed Wig | £50 - £200 |
| Bag Wig | £20 - £50 |
| Tye Wig | £10 - £20 |
| Periwig | £15 - £30 |

| Table 2: Population of Wig Makers in London in 1750 |
|---|---|
| Wig Makers | 5,000 |
| Journeymen | 10,000 |
| Apprentices | 15,000 |

| Table 3: Health Hazards Associated with 18th Century Wigs |
|---|---|
| Parasites | Lice, nits, fleas |
| Skin Conditions | Scalp infections, dandruff |
| Respiratory Issues | Inhalation of hair dust |

| Table 4: Case Studies of Notable 18th Century Wig Wearers |
|---|---|
| King Louis XIV of France | Full-bottomed Wig |
| George Washington | Tye Wig |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Bag Wig |
| Queen Marie Antoinette | Periwig |

Tips and Tricks

• If you're interested in trying on an 18th century wig, consider visiting a museum or historical reenactment.
• When creating an 18th century wig, use high-quality materials and pay attention to historical accuracy.
• Be prepared to spend significant time and effort styling and maintaining your wig.
• Consider the social significance and etiquette associated with 18th century wigs before wearing one in public.

Conclusion

18th century wigs were more than just fashion accessories; they were symbols of status, power, and cultural identity. Their elaborate styles and historical significance continue to fascinate and inspire people today, offering a glimpse into the grandeur and complexity of a bygone era.