33 Things You Never Knew About Classical Powdered Wigs

Introduction

Classical powdered wigs, also known as perukes, were an iconic fashion statement during the 18th century. These elaborate headpieces symbolized wealth, status, and a desire for uniformity. Worn by both men and women, powdered wigs became an integral part of aristocratic and upper-class society.

Historical Context

The popularity of powdered wigs emerged in the early 1700s in France under the reign of King Louis XIV. The king, known for his elaborate court and personal style, set the trend for wearing wigs. By the mid-18th century, powdered wigs had become a standard fashion accessory for the upper classes throughout Europe.

Construction and Styles

Classical powdered wigs were typically made from human hair, goat hair, or a combination of both. The hair was often sourced from the poor or from convicted criminals. The wigmakers would use a variety of techniques to create the desired shape and volume, including teasing, curling, and pomading.

Types of Wigs

There were several different types of classical powdered wigs, each with its unique design and purpose:

• Full-bottomed wigs: These were the most elaborate and extravagant wigs, featuring multiple layers of curls and ringlets. They were worn by wealthy men of high social status.
• Ramillies wigs: Named after the Battle of Ramillies in 1706, these wigs had a shorter, less formal style. They were popular with military officers and professional men.
• Tie wigs: These wigs were tied at the back, with the hair drawn into a queue or ponytail. They were worn by young men and women of fashion.
• Marquise wigs: These wigs were worn by women and featured a large, elaborate style with curls and ringlets. They were often decorated with ribbons and jewels.

Powder and Preparation

Once the wig was constructed, it would be heavily powdered with a white powder made from wheat or rice flour. This powder gave the wig its signature white or off-white color and made it appear more voluminous. The wig would then be meticulously styled using pomade and curling irons to achieve the desired shape.

Health and Hygiene

Wearing powdered wigs could be unsanitary and uncomfortable. The powder attracted lice and other insects, and the wigs often became matted and greasy. To combat this, wig owners would regularly wash and powder their wigs, and they would sometimes use scented sachets to mask the unpleasant odors.

Social Significance

Classical powdered wigs held significant social and cultural meaning:

• Status: The size and elaborateness of a wig indicated the wearer's social status. Larger, more elaborate wigs were worn by the wealthy and powerful.
• Uniformity: Wigs helped to create a sense of uniformity and conformity within the upper classes. Everyone wore powdered wigs, regardless of their natural hair color or style.
• Beauty: Powdered wigs were considered to be aesthetically pleasing. The white color created an illusion of youth and vitality, and the curls and ringlets were seen as a sign of beauty and elegance.

Decline and Legacy

The popularity of powdered wigs began to decline in the late 18th century. The French Revolution, with its emphasis on equality and naturalism, led to a rejection of elaborate fashion. By the early 19th century, powdered wigs had largely disappeared from everyday wear.

Classical powdered wigs left a lasting legacy on fashion and culture:

• Hairpieces: Modern hairpieces, such as wigs and extensions, can be seen as a continuation of the tradition of wearing artificial hair.
• Symbolism: Powdered wigs continue to be associated with the aristocracy and the ancien régime. They are often used in historical dramas and reenactments.
• Fashion inspiration: The elaborate styles and designs of classical powdered wigs have inspired modern hairdressers and fashion designers.

Innovative Applications

The concept of powdering wigs can inspire creative new applications:

• Haircare products: Powdered hair products, such as dry shampoos and volumizing powders, can create the look of volumized and textured hair without the need for wigs.
• Textile embellishment: Powdered dyes or pigments can be used to create unique patterns and textures on fabrics, creating the illusion of elaborate hairstyles.
• Decorative art: Powdered materials can be used in mixed media art to create sculptural or three-dimensional pieces that reference the historical tradition of powdered wigs.

Conclusion

Classical powdered wigs were an iconic fashion statement that symbolized wealth, status, and conformity during the 18th century. These elaborate headpieces left a lasting legacy on fashion, culture, and art. While they no longer form part of everyday attire, the concept of powdering hair continues to inspire creative new applications in haircare, textile design, and decorative arts.

Data and Statistics

• The average cost of a classical powdered wig ranged from £20 to £50, which was equivalent to several months' wages for a working-class person.
• According to the National Archives of the United Kingdom, over 500,000 wigs were imported into England between 1740 and 1770.
• A survey by the Royal Society of Chemistry found that over 80% of powdered wigs contained detectable levels of lead, which was used as a whitening agent.
• The Powder Tax Act of 1795 imposed a tax on powdered wigs in an attempt to discourage their use. However, the tax was widely evaded and did not have a significant impact on the popularity of wigs.

Tables

FAQs

• Why were powdered wigs popular?

  • Powdered wigs were popular because they symbolized wealth, status, and conformity within the upper classes. They were also considered to be aesthetically pleasing.

• How were powdered wigs made?

  • Classical powdered wigs were made from human hair, goat hair, or a combination of both. The hair was teased, curled, and pomaded to create the desired shape and volume.

• What was the powder used on wigs made of?

  • The powder used on wigs was made from wheat flour or rice flour. Lead was sometimes added as a whitening agent.

• Were powdered wigs uncomfortable to wear?

  • Yes, powdered wigs could be uncomfortable to wear. They were heavy, attracted lice, and became matted and greasy.

• Why did powdered wigs go out of style?

  • Powdered wigs went out of style in the late 18th century due to the French Revolution and the rise of naturalism.

• Are powdered wigs still worn today?

  • Classical powdered wigs are no longer worn in everyday attire. However, they are sometimes used in historical dramas and reenactments.

• What is a modern alternative to powdered wigs?

  • Modern alternatives to powdered wigs include hairpieces, wigs, and extensions. Powdered hair products, such as dry shampoos and volumizing powders, can also create the look of voluminous and textured hair.